命令模式封装一个请求或行为作为一个对象。封装的请求比原的更加灵活，可以在对象之间传递，储存，动态修改，或放入一个队列。
那么让我们简要的说一下命令模式的特点。
- 它能比较容易地设计一个命令队列；
- 在需要的情况下，可以较容易地将命令记入日志；
- 允许接收请求地一方决定是否要否决请求；
- 可以容易地实现对请求地撤销和重做；
- 由于加进新地具体命令类不影响其他的类，因此增加新的具体命令类很容易；
- 把请求一个操作的对象与知道怎么执行一个操作的对象分隔开。
下面给出基本的类结构图：
上面这张图是命令模式的类结构的基本图。其实从这张图中还可以扩展出很多，细节就不说了，给大家留一些想象的空间，呵呵！
还是老规矩，下面给出实例：
Objective-C 示例：
Command：
//
// NimoCommand.h
// CommandDemo
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@protocol NimoCommand <NSObject>
- (void)execute;
@end
ConcreteCommand：
//
// NimoConcreteCommand.h
// CommandDemo
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "NimoCommand.h"
@class NimoReceiver;
@interface NimoConcreteCommand : NSObject <NimoCommand>
@property (nonatomic) NimoReceiver *receiver;
- (id)initWithReceiver:(NimoReceiver *)receiver;
@end
//
// NimoConcreteCommand.m
// CommandDemo
//
#import "NimoConcreteCommand.h"
#import "NimoReceiver.h"
@implementation NimoConcreteCommand
- (void)execute
{
[_receiver action];
}
- (id)initWithReceiver:(NimoReceiver *)receiver
{
if (self = [super init]) {
_receiver = receiver;
}
return self;
}
@end
Receiver：
//
// NimoReceiver.h
// CommandDemo
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface NimoReceiver : NSObject
- (void)action;
@end
//
// NimoReceiver.m
// CommandDemo
//
#import "NimoReceiver.h"
@implementation NimoReceiver
- (void)action
{
NSLog(@"实际执行");
}
@end
Invoker：
//
// NimoInvoker.h
// CommandDemo
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "NimoCommand.h"
@interface NimoInvoker : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, weak) id<NimoCommand> command;
- (void)executeCommand;
@end
//
// NimoInvoker.m
// CommandDemo
//
#import "NimoInvoker.h"
@implementation NimoInvoker
- (void)executeCommand
{
[_command execute];
}
@end
Client:
//
// main.m
// CommandDemo
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "NimoReceiver.h"
#import "NimoInvoker.h"
#import "NimoConcreteCommand.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
NimoReceiver *receiver = [[NimoReceiver alloc] init];
NimoConcreteCommand *command = [[NimoConcreteCommand alloc] initWithReceiver:receiver];
NimoInvoker *invoker = [[NimoInvoker alloc] init];
invoker.command = command;
[invoker executeCommand];
}
return 0;
}
Running:
2015-08-13 22:49:56.412 CommandDemo[1385:43303] 实际执行
Cocoa Touch框架中的命令模式：
NSInvocation对象
如下示例，Client没有直接调用Receiver的方法，而是用NSInvocation对象封装了运行时库向Receiver发送执行消息所需的所有必要信息，这里的NSInvocation对象类似于上文中的ConcreteCommand对象。
Receiver：
//
// NimoReceiver.h
// InvocationDemo
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface NimoReceiver : NSObject
- (int)printWithName:(NSString *)name gender:(NSString *)gender age:(int)age;
@end
//
// NimoReceiver.m
// InvocationDemo
//
#import "NimoReceiver.h"
@implementation NimoReceiver
- (int)printWithName:(NSString *)name gender:(NSString *)gender age:(int)age
{
NSLog(@"My name is %@, %@, %d years old.", name, gender, age);
return 119;
}
@end
Client:
//
// main.m
// InvocationDemo
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "NimoReceiver.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
//用Receiver的实例创建NSInvocation对象，并把Receiver的action作为选择器
NimoReceiver *receiver = [[NimoReceiver alloc] init];
NSString *name = @"Lee";
NSString *gender = @"male";
int age = 28;
SEL sel = @selector(printWithName:gender:age:);
NSMethodSignature *methodSignature = [[receiver class] instanceMethodSignatureForSelector:sel];
NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:methodSignature];
[invocation setTarget:receiver];
[invocation setSelector:sel];
[invocation setArgument:&name atIndex:2];
[invocation setArgument:&gender atIndex:3];
[invocation setArgument:&age atIndex:4];
[invocation retainArguments];
[invocation invoke]; //通过调用NSInvocation对象的invoke方法，完成对Receiver中action的调用
int returnValue = 0;
[invocation getReturnValue:&returnValue];
NSLog(@"returnValue: %d", returnValue);
}
return 0;
}
Running:
2015-08-14 13:37:44.162 InvocationDemo[1049:36632] My name is Lee, male, 28 years old.
2015-08-14 13:37:44.164 InvocationDemo[1049:36632] returnValue: 119
其实，单从类关系图中可以简单的看出，命令模式其实是把需求(Invoker)和具体实现(Receiver)通过命令层(Command)进行了解耦。具体实现过程根据不同的命令进行了区分。