问题描述
作为一名数据分析师，我经常在包含结构化数据的文件中运行，这些数据采用某种专有格式并抵制正常的 XML 解析.
As a data analyst, I am constantly running across files with structured data that are in some proprietary format and resist normal XML parsing.
例如，我有一个包含大约一百个文档的存档，所有文档都以此开头:
For example, I have an archive of about a hundred documents that all begin with this:
<!DOCTYPE DOCUMENT PUBLIC "-//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN">
我在下面提供了一个文档的删节示例，如果你被克隆冒犯了，请不要阅读它.
I have included an abridged example of the document below, don't read it if you're offended by cloning.
无论如何，有没有办法在没有 DTD 或命名空间或 URI 或任何我需要的东西的情况下查询这个?我可以使用 SQL Server 2012+ 或 xquery，或者，我不知道，php 或 vba.
At any rate, is there a way to query this without having DTD or namespace or URI or whatever it is I need? I'm ok using SQL Server 2012+ or xquery or, I dunno, php or vba.
<!DOCTYPE DOCUMENT PUBLIC "-//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN">
<document synfileid="MCIESS0044">
<galedata><project>
<projectname>
<title>Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center</title>
</projectname>
</project></galedata>
<doc.head>
<title>Cloning</title>
</doc.head>
<doc.body>
<para>A clone is an identical copy of a plant or animal, produced from the genetic material of a single organism. In 1996 scientists in Britain created a sheep named Dolly, the first successful clone of an adult mammal. Since then, scientists have successfully cloned other animals, such as goats, mice, pigs, and rabbits. People began wondering if human beings would be next. The question of whether human cloning should be allowed, and under what conditions, raises a number of challenging scientific, legal, and ethical issues—including what it means to be human.</para>
<head n="1">Scientific Background</head>
<para>People have been cloning plants for thousands of years. Some plants produce offspring without any genetic material from another organism. In these cases, cloning simply requires cutting pieces of the stems, roots, or leaves of the plants and then planting the cuttings. The cuttings will grow into identical copies of the originals. Many common fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants are produced in this way from parent plants with especially desirable characteristics.</para>
<para>[lots of excluded text] Perhaps the most perplexing question of all: How would clones feel about their status? As a copy, would they lack the sense of uniqueness that is part of the human condition? As yet, such questions have no answers—perhaps they never will. The debate about cloning, both animal and human, however, will certainly continue. The technology exists to create clones. How will society use this technology?</para>
</doc.body>
</document>
推荐答案
您的 SGML 输入数据几乎是 XML，事实上，与完整的 SGML 不同，XML 总是需要一个 系统外部 DTD 子集的标识符(文件名或 URL)，而不仅仅是诸如 -//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN 之类的公共标识符.所以 DOCTYPE 声明必须在 XML 中采用这种形式
Your SGML input data is almost XML, up to the fact that, unlike full SGML, XML always requires a system identifier (a file name or URL) for the external DTD subset, and not just a public identifier such as -//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN. So the DOCTYPE declaration must take this form in XML
<!DOCTYPE DOCUMENT
PUBLIC "-//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN"
"test.dtd">
我在其中添加了 "test.dtd" 作为外部子集的系统标识符/文件名.当然，现在test.dtd 文件必须存在.在工作目录中创建一个空的 test.dtd 文件就足够了，或者 test.dtd 可以包含一些对您手头的标记有意义的声明，例如:
where I've added "test.dtd" as system identifier/file name of the external subset. Of course, now a test.dtd file must exist. It is sufficient that an empty test.dtd file is created in the working directory, or test.dtd could contain some meaningful declarations for your markup at hand such as the following:
<!ELEMENT document ANY>
<!ELEMENT galedata ANY>
<!ELEMENT project ANY>
<!ELEMENT projectname ANY>
<!ELEMENT title ANY>
<!ELEMENT doc.head ANY>
<!ELEMENT doc.body ANY>
<!ELEMENT para ANY>
<!ELEMENT head ANY>
<!ATTLIST document synfileid CDATA #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST head n NUMBER #IMPLIED>
但正如您所发现的，您也可以通过删除 DOCTYPE 行来使 XML 工具满意.
But as you've found out, you can also make XML tools happy by just removing the DOCTYPE line.
现在，如果您想在不手动编辑的情况下将文件处理为 XML，您可以使用 SGML 将文件预处理为兼容的 XML，然后针对生成的 XML 使用 XML 查询工具.
Now if you wanted to process your file(s) into XML without manual editing, you could use SGML to pre-process the file(s) into compliant XML, and then use XML query tools against the produced XML.
要使用 OpenSP/OpenJade SGML 包(可以通过例如 sudo apt-get install opensp 安装在 Ubuntu 上)，您需要放置一个 catalog目录中的文件，包含以下行告诉 SGML 将公共标识符 -//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN 解析为 test.dtd:
To do so using the OpenSP/OpenJade SGML package (can be installed on Ubuntu by eg. sudo apt-get install opensp), you'd place a catalog file in the directory, containing the following line telling SGML to resolve the public identifier -//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN to test.dtd:
PUBLIC "-//Gale Research//DTD Document V2.0//EN" "test.dtd"
您可以从我上面给出的 XML 版本中编辑 test.dtd 以包含默认情况下经典 SGML 需要的 标记省略指示符.但是您的测试数据使用的另一个功能在 OpenSP 工具中默认未启用，即在您的示例数据中支持十六进制字符实体引用，例如 —.因此，无论如何，我们都需要为您的数据使用自定义 SGML 声明(一段有点过时的纯文本，指定您的文档正在使用的 SGML 功能).因此，当我们这样做时，我们还将在 SGML 声明中声明 FEATURES MINIMIZE OMITTAG NO，这使得 SGML 接受没有标记遗漏指示符的元素声明，所以我们 不 必须从 XML 版本更改 test.dtd.
You could edit test.dtd from the XML version I gave above to contain tag omission indicators which would be required for classic SGML by default. But there's another feature your test data is using which isn't enabled by default in OpenSP tools, namely support for hexadecimal character entity references such as — in your example data. Hence, we're going to need to use a custom SGML declaration (a somewhat archaic piece of plain text specifying SGML features your document is using) for your data anyway. So while we're at it, we're also going to declare FEATURES MINIMIZE OMITTAG NO in the the SGML declaration, which makes SGML accept element declarations without tag omission indicators so we don't have to change test.dtd from the XML version.
我们可以将 SGML 声明直接放入文档本身，但要避免手动编辑.我们将为 SGML 声明使用目录解析.如果您将以下行添加到您的 catalog 文件
We could place the SGML declaration right into the document itself, but to avoid manual editing. we're going to use catalog resolution for the SGML declaration. If you add the following line to your catalog file
SGMLDECL "xml10-sgmldecl.dcl"
然后 OpenSP 将使用存储在 xml10-sgmldecl.dcl 中的任何内容作为 SGML 声明.我们要使用的实际 SGML 是 XML 1.0 的官方 SGML 声明(它已经拥有我们想要的所有特性).您无需详细了解 SGML 声明的含义.只需将下面附加的文本粘贴到名为 xml10-sgmldecl.dcl 的文件中；如果您对细节感兴趣，请参阅我在 http://sgmljs.net 的描述/docs/sgmlrefman.html#sgml-declaration.
then OpenSP will use whatever is stored in xml10-sgmldecl.dcl as SGML declaration. The actual SGML we're going to use is the official SGML declaration for XML 1.0 (which has all the features we want already). You don't need to understand the meaning of an SGML declaration in detail. Just paste the text attached below into a file named xml10-sgmldecl.dcl; if you're interested in the details, see my description at http://sgmljs.net/docs/sgmlrefman.html#sgml-declaration.
现在你可以调用
osx <your-file>
从您的 SGML 生成 XML 而不会出错.
to produce XML from your SGML without errors.
<!SGML "ISO 8879:1986 (WWW)"
-- SGML Declaration for XML 1.0 --
-- from:
Final text of revised Web SGML Adaptations Annex (TC2) to ISO 8879:1986
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 N0029: 1998-12-06
Annex L.2 (informative): SGML Declaration for XML
changes made to accommodate validation are noted with 'VALID:'
--
CHARSET
BASESET "ISO Registration Number 177//CHARSET
ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 UCS-4 with implementation
level 3//ESC 2/5 2/15 4/6"
DESCSET
0 9 UNUSED
9 2 9
11 2 UNUSED
13 1 13
14 18 UNUSED
32 95 32
127 1 UNUSED
128 32 UNUSED
160 55136 160
55296 2048 UNUSED -- surrogates --
57344 8190 57344
65534 2 UNUSED -- FFFE and FFFF --
65536 1048576 65536
CAPACITY NONE -- Capacities are not restricted in XML --
SCOPE DOCUMENT
SYNTAX
SHUNCHAR NONE
BASESET "ISO Registration Number 177//CHARSET
ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 UCS-4 with implementation
level 3//ESC 2/5 2/15 4/6"
DESCSET
0 1114112 0
FUNCTION
RE 13
RS 10
SPACE 32
TAB SEPCHAR 9
NAMING
LCNMSTRT ""
UCNMSTRT ""
NAMESTRT
58 95 192-214 216-246 248-305 308-318 321-328
330-382 384-451 461-496 500-501 506-535 592-680
699-705 902 904-906 908 910-929 931-974 976-982
986 988 990 992 994-1011 1025-1036 1038-1103
1105-1116 1118-1153 1168-1220 1223-1224
1227-1228 1232-1259 1262-1269 1272-1273
1329-1366 1369 1377-1414 1488-1514 1520-1522
1569-1594 1601-1610 1649-1719 1722-1726
1728-1742 1744-1747 1749 1765-1766 2309-2361
2365 2392-2401 2437-2444 2447-2448 2451-2472
2474-2480 2482 2486-2489 2524-2525 2527-2529
2544-2545 2565-2570 2575-2576 2579-2600
2602-2608 2610-2611 2613-2614 2616-2617
2649-2652 2654 2674-2676 2693-2699 2701
2703-2705 2707-2728 2730-2736 2738-2739
2741-2745 2749 2784 2821-2828 2831-2832
2835-2856 2858-2864 2866-2867 2870-2873 2877
2908-2909 2911-2913 2949-2954 2958-2960
2962-2965 2969-2970 2972 2974-2975 2979-2980
2984-2986 2990-2997 2999-3001 3077-3084
3086-3088 3090-3112 3114-3123 3125-3129
3168-3169 3205-3212 3214-3216 3218-3240
3242-3251 3253-3257 3294 3296-3297 3333-3340
3342-3344 3346-3368 3370-3385 3424-3425
3585-3630 3632 3634-3635 3648-3653 3713-3714
3716 3719-3720 3722 3725 3732-3735 3737-3743
3745-3747 3749 3751 3754-3755 3757-3758 3760
3762-3763 3773 3776-3780 3904-3911 3913-3945
4256-4293 4304-4342 4352 4354-4355 4357-4359
4361 4363-4364 4366-4370 4412 4414 4416 4428
4430 4432 4436-4437 4441 4447-4449 4451 4453
4455 4457 4461-4462 4466-4467 4469 4510 4520
4523 4526-4527 4535-4536 4538 4540-4546 4587
4592 4601 7680-7835 7840-7929 7936-7957
7960-7965 7968-8005 8008-8013 8016-8023 8025
8027 8029 8031-8061 8064-8116 8118-8124 8126
8130-8132 8134-8140 8144-8147 8150-8155
8160-8172 8178-8180 8182-8188 8486 8490-8491
8494 8576-8578 12295 12321-12329 12353-12436
12449-12538 12549-12588 19968-40869 44032-55203
LCNMCHAR ""
UCNMCHAR ""
NAMECHAR
45-46 183 720-721 768-837 864-865 903 1155-1158
1425-1441 1443-1465 1467-1469 1471 1473-1474
1476 1600 1611-1618 1632-1641 1648 1750-1764
1767-1768 1770-1773 1776-1785 2305-2307 2364
2366-2381 2385-2388 2402-2403 2406-2415
2433-2435 2492 2494-2500 2503-2504 2507-2509
2519 2530-2531 2534-2543 2562 2620 2622-2626
2631-2632 2635-2637 2662-2673 2689-2691 2748
2750-2757 2759-2761 2763-2765 2790-2799
2817-2819 2876 2878-2883 2887-2888 2891-2893
2902-2903 2918-2927 2946-2947 3006-3010
3014-3016 3018-3021 3031 3047-3055 3073-3075
3134-3140 3142-3144 3146-3149 3157-3158
3174-3183 3202-3203 3262-3268 3270-3272
3274-3277 3285-3286 3302-3311 3330-3331
3390-3395 3398-3400 3402-3405 3415 3430-3439
3633 3636-3642 3654-3662 3664-3673 3761
3764-3769 3771-3772 3782 3784-3789 3792-3801
3864-3865 3872-3881 3893 3895 3897 3902-3903
3953-3972 3974-3979 3984-3989 3991 3993-4013
4017-4023 4025 8400-8412 8417 12293 12330-12335
12337-12341 12441-12442 12445-12446 12540-12542
NAMECASE
GENERAL NO
ENTITY NO
DELIM
GENERAL SGMLREF
HCRO "&#x"
-- Ampersand followed by "#x" (without quotes) --
NESTC "/"
NET ">"
PIC "?>"
SHORTREF NONE
NAMES
SGMLREF
QUANTITY
NONE -- Quantities are not restricted in XML --
ENTITIES
"amp" 38
"lt" 60
"gt" 62
"quot" 34
"apos" 39
FEATURES
MINIMIZE
DATATAG NO
OMITTAG NO
RANK NO
SHORTTAG
STARTTAG
EMPTY NO
UNCLOSED NO
NETENABL IMMEDNET
ENDTAG
EMPTY NO
UNCLOSED NO
ATTRIB
DEFAULT YES
OMITNAME NO
VALUE NO
EMPTYNRM YES
IMPLYDEF
ATTLIST YES
DOCTYPE NO
ELEMENT YES
ENTITY NO
NOTATION YES
LINK
SIMPLE NO
IMPLICIT NO
EXPLICIT NO
OTHER
CONCUR NO
SUBDOC NO
FORMAL NO
URN NO
KEEPRSRE YES
VALIDITY NOASSERT
ENTITIES
REF ANY
INTEGRAL YES
APPINFO NONE
SEEALSO "ISO 8879//NOTATION Extensible Markup Language (XML)
1.0//EN">
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